Motivos psicossociais para cirurgia bariátrica em adultos jovens e mais velhos / Psychosocial factors for bariatric surgery in young and older adults / Razones psicosociales de adultos jóvenes y de mediana edad para realizar la cirugía bariátrica

A obesidade decorre da interação de fatores biológicos, sociais e comportamentais, além de ser vista como uma marca social e moral indesejável, que pode causar limitações psicossociais originadas do preconceito, do estigma e da exclusão e, consequentemente, resultar em tristeza, culpa, ansiedade, vergonha e isolamento social, bem como afetar o bem-estar dos pacientes. Objetivou-se identificar motivos psicossociais que levaram obesos - adultos jovens e adultos mais velhos - a optar pela cirurgia bariátrica. Participaram desta pesquisa 11 pacientes, homens e mulheres, de 20 a 65 anos, residentes no Rio de Janeiro, antes da cirurgia. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista semiestruturada e submetidos à análise de conteúdo, da qual resultaram em três categorias: Educação Alimentar, Família e Apelo Externo, Moralização da Obesidade e Questões Emocionais, Decisão: Saúde e Estética. Os resultados revelaram que a maioria dos participantes optou pela cirurgia motivados por questões de saúde e estética e que a bariátrica é percebida como ferramenta que contribui com a reeducação alimentar para a perda de peso, reduz as comorbidades e melhora a mobilidade, a aparência e a autoestima, de forma que ajuda o indivíduo a se readequar aos padrões corporais estabelecidos pela sociedade e a voltar ao convívio social. As conclusões destacam que o indivíduo comprometido com o tratamento da obesidade também adere ao tratamento multidisciplinar, que concorre para o sucesso da cirurgia em relação ao bem-estar. São recomendadas novas pesquisas sobre a estética enquanto motivo para realização da cirurgia bariátrica em jovens adultos e mais velhos.(AU)

Obesity results from the interaction between biological, social, and behavioral factors. Often considered a social an moral undesirable imprint, such condition may lead to psychosocial problems arising from prejudice, stigma, and exclusion, affecting the well-being of patients due to feelings of sadness, guilt, anxiety, shame, and social isolation. This study sought to identify psychosocial factors that led young and older adults with obesity to opt for bariatric surgery. The sample consisted of 11 patients, men and women, aged between 20 and 65 years, who lived in Rio de Janeiro. Data were collected by means of semi-structured interviews and submitted to content analysis, resulting in three categories: Food Education; Family and External Support; and Moralization of Obesity, Emotional Issues, and Decisions - Health and Aesthetics. The results reveal that most participants opted for bariatric surgery due to health and aesthetic reasons, being perceived as a strategy that contributes to nutritional education for weight loss, reduces comorbidities, and improves mobility, appearance, and self-esteem, helping the individual to fit to the body standards socially determined, being reintegrated onto social life. Individuals committed to the treatment for obesity also adhere to the multidisciplinary treatment, which seems to contribute to the surgery success regarding well-being. Further empirical studies addressing aesthetics as a reason to undergo bariatric surgery in young and older adults are required.(AU)

La obesidad resulta de la interacción entre los factores biológicos, social y de comportamiento, y es una marca social y moral no deseada, que puede causar limitaciones psicosociales que se originan en el prejuicio, el estigma y la exclusión, y producir tristeza, culpa, ansiedad, vergüenza y aislamiento social, además de afectar el bienestar de los pacientes. Se pretende identificar las razones psicosociales que llevaron adultos obesos - adultos jóvenes y de mediana edad - a optar por la cirugía bariátrica. Participaron en este estudio 11 pacientes, hombres y mujeres, entre los 20 años y los 65 años que vivían en Río de Janeiro antes de la cirugía. Para la recopilación de datos se empleó entrevista semiestructurada, y para evaluarlos se utilizó el análisis de contenido, del cual emergieron tres categorías: Educación alimentaria, familia y apelación externa; moralización de la obesidad; y temas emocionales, decisión: salud y estética. Los resultados apuntan que la mayoría optó por la cirugía por razones de salud y de estética, y que la cirugía bariátrica se percibe como una herramienta que contribuye a la educación nutricional para bajar de peso, reduce las comorbilidades y mejora la movilidad, la apariencia y la autoestima, lo que le ayuda al individuo a reajustarse a los patrones corporales establecidos por la sociedad y volver a la vida social. Se concluye que el individuo comprometido con el tratamiento de la obesidad tiene una adherencia al tratamiento multidisciplinar que parece contribuir al éxito de la cirugía en relación con su bienestar. Se recomienda la realización de más estudios empíricos sobre la estética como razón para la realización de la cirugía bariátrica en adultos jóvenes y de mediana edad.(AU)

Avaliação de perda de peso após o uso de balão intragástrico não ajustável e ajustável / Assessment of weight loss after non-adjustable and adjustable intragastric balloon use

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Intragastric balloon (IGB) use is indicated for patients whose BMI precludes the option of bariatric surgery or who need to lose weight prior to undergoing surgery. It is a minimally invasive procedure and currently there are two main models of IGBs in use, the non-adjustable intragastric balloon (NIB), implanted for six months, and the adjustable intragastric balloon (AIB), implanted for up to 12 months. OBJECTIVE: Analyze clinical characteristics between patients receiving non-adjustable gastric balloon and the adjustable (prolonged implantation) intragastric balloon. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 470 patients diagnosed as obese or overweight who had balloon implantation from October 2011 to July 2018. The associations between percentage excess weight loss versus clinical and demographic variables were calculated using the chi-squared test. Independent samples were submitted to the Student's t test to determine the quantitative variables, with a confidence interval of 95%. Calculation of excess weight was based on an estimated ideal weight that would correspond to a BMI of 24.99 kg/m2. RESULTS: A total of 414 patients completed the treatment achieving an average total body weight loss (%TBWL) of 15.4±7 with the NIB and 15.5±9.6 with the AIB. Overweight patients achieved higher excess weight loss (%EWL) values using AIBs (157.2±82.5) and obese patients did so with NIB use (56±29.7). Women achieved higher %EWL values (65.6±62.2) than men (48±27.1). Individuals who attended >4 consultations with a nutritionist (60.8%) achieved TBWL >18%. All of those P-values were <0.001. CONCLUSION: Obese individuals and women registered the greatest weight losses. Overweight patients achieved greater losses using AIB and obese patients did so using NIBs. NIB use was associated with higher EWL percentages. Nutritional accompaniment had a positive impact on the %TBWL.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: O uso do balão intragástrico (BIG) é indicado para pacientes cujo IMC contraindica a cirurgia bariátrica ou que necessitam perder peso antes da cirurgia. É um procedimento minimamente invasivo e atualmente existem dois modelos principais de BIG - o balão intragástrico não ajustável (BINA), implantado por seis meses, e o balão intragástrico ajustável (BIA), por até 12 meses. OBJETIVO: Analisar os fatores associados aos resultados clínicos comparando o uso de balão intragástrico não ajustável com o uso de balão intragástrico ajustável. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal em 470 pacientes, com sobrepeso ou obesidade, submetidos ao tratamento entre outubro 2011 e julho de 2018. A associação entre as porcentagens da perda de excesso de peso (%PEP) e da perda do peso total (%PPT) com as variáveis demográficas e clínicas foram calculados com o teste qui-quadrado (P<0,05). Foi utilizado o teste t de Student para amostras independentes para comparar variáveis quantitativas, com IC 95%. O cálculo do excesso de peso foi estimado em peso ideal correspondente a um IMC de 24.99 kg/m2. RESULTADOS: Um total de 414 pacientes realizaram o tratamento até o final, com %PPT média de 15,4±7 no BINA e 15,5±9,6 no BIA. Os com sobrepeso apresentaram maiores %PEP no BIA (157,2±82,5) e os obesos maiores %PEP no BINA (56±29,7), com P<0,001. Mulheres (65,6±62,2) apresentaram maiores %PEP do que homens (48±27,1), com P<0,001. Os indivíduos que atenderam a >4 consultas com nutricionista obtiveram %PPT >18% (60,8%), com P<0,001. CONCLUSÃO: Obesos e mulheres tiveram maiores perdas ponderais. Maior perda de peso foi identificada em pacientes com sobrepeso que utilizaram BIA e em obesos os quais utilizaram BINA. O BINA esteve associado com maiores taxas de %PEP. O acompanhamento nutricional impactou positivamente na %PPT.

Role of Endoscopy in the Treatment of Bariatric and Metabolic Disease

Obesity is a complex metabolic disease caused by excess body fat, which can be associated with many health problems. Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for morbid obesity. However, only small number of patients undergo surgery despite definite benefits. The upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with flexible device is an essential tool in the evaluation of post bariatric surgery patient. It plays an important role in treating complications occurring after bariatric surgery. Recently, there has been active research and development on endoscopic procedures to achieve similar effects with bariatric surgery in less invasive ways. Endoluminal interventions performed using flexible endoscopy might be less effective than current surgical approaches, but it can offer alternative approaches to the treatment of obesity that are safer and more cost-effective. This article provides an overview of endoscopic procedures for postoperative complication and new emerging endoscopic techniques for primary endoscopic bariatric therapies. Knowing the type, indication, expected effect, and development potential of endoscopic procedures might be of great help to surgeons performing bariatric procedures.

Various Intragastric Balloons Under Clinical Investigation

Obesity is a chronic disease with an exponentially increasing incidence rate, and its negative effects are well documented in numerous studies. As a result, the importance of bariatric therapy cannot be overemphasized, and many bariatric treatment methods with varying mechanisms have been developed. Of the available treatment methods, intragastric balloons, introduced in the 1980s, have been shown to be a safe and effective treatment modality; various intragastric balloon products have been developed and are currently being widely used in clinical settings. However, the disadvantages of intragastric balloons, such as unclear long-term weight loss benefits and complications experienced during insertion and removal, preclude their wider use. In this review, we discuss different intragastric balloon products, focusing on those under clinical investigation, and suggest future research directions.

Small Bowel Endoscopic Bariatric Therapies

Endoscopic bariatric therapies that emulate some of the principles of bariatric surgery have been developed as a less invasive option for the treatment of obesity and related comorbidities. Small bowel endoscopic bariatric therapies include bypass sleeves, incisionless anastomosis systems, and duodenal mucosal resurfacing. Clinical experience with small bowel devices suggests that endoscopic bariatric procedures can be safely implemented and that these devices are effective for both weight loss and metabolic improvement. Although the mechanisms behind these effects should be further elucidated, endoscopic bariatric therapies may be more effective and safer adjunctive interventions than lifestyle modifications and pharmacological regimens for patients with obesity or obesity-related comorbidities.

Endoluminal Gastroplasty for Obesity Treatment: Emerging Technology and Obstacles

Obesity is a complex metabolic disease. Currently, obesity treatment includes lifestyle modification, obesity drug treatment, and bariatric surgery. Lifestyle modification is an essential part of obesity treatment, but it is limited by itself. And anti-obesity treatment drugs also showed limited weight loss effect, about 3-9% per year, and can cause serious side effects such as cardiovascular side events. Surgical treatment requires high cost, permanent resection of the gastrointestinal tract and can cause complication related to surgery. Recently, several promising endoscopic bariatric therapies are emerging. Endoluminal bariatric treatment using flexible gastrointestinal endoscopy could offer a minimally invasive treatment aimed at achieving an effect comparable to obesity surgery, while offering advantages of low cost and safety. In this paper, we described a new technological method, recent clinical data, and the latest findings on obstacles to be overcome for endoscopic gastroplasty using endoscopic suture instruments. Endoscopic gastroplasty presented reduced gastric volume, effective weight loss and maintenance effect without severe adverse events. It could suggest an attractive treatment option for obesity.

Recent Trends in Endoscopic Bariatric Therapies

Obesity and its associated metabolic diseases including diabetes mellitus are severe medical problems that are increasing in prevalence worldwide and result in significant healthcare expenses. While behavioral and pharmacological treatment approaches are partly effective in the short term, their effects are not long-lasting. Although previous studies have described bariatric surgery as the most effective treatment for obesity, it is associated with morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. Endoluminal interventions performed entirely using gastrointestinal flexible endoscopy offer alternative approaches to the treatment of obesity that are safer and more cost-effective than current surgical approaches. The use of endoluminal techniques in the field of metabolic obesity disease has diverse promising applications including endoscopic gastroplasty, intragastric balloon, endoluminal malabsorptive bariatric procedures, and gastric electrical stimulation (GES) for the modulation of gastric emptying. This review discusses recent trends and roles in endoscopic bariatric therapies using the currently available endoluminal and transgastric technologies.

Complicaciones tardías en cirugía bariátrica / Late complications in bariatric surgery

La cirugía bariátrica denota complejidad y no está libre de complicaciones. Estas son de causa multfactorial y dependen de factores intrínsecos delpaciente o bien de habilidades técnicas y experiencia del cirujano. En general cualquier complicación puede catalogarse como temprana (< 30 días) otardía (> 30 días) según el tempo de aparición luego de la cirugía.La banda gástrica es uno de los procedimientos bariátricos mas realizados pero con un alto índice de complicaciones, entre las tardías destacan deslizamiento,migración y problemas del reservorio. El Bypass gástrico contnua teniendo mucha fabilidad en cuanto a control de la obesidad pero presentacomplicaciones como las hernias internas, estenosis y úlceras de anastomosis, y fstulas gastro gástricas entre otras, cuyo diagnóstco y manejo precozes importante.La gastrectomía vertcal en manga ha ganado terreno en los últmos años por sus buenos resultados pero también por su baja tasa de complicaciones amediano y largo plazo, dentro de sus problemas tardíos descritos están estenosis, dilatación gástrica y cierta relación con aparición o exacerbación derefujo gastroesofágico. Otro procedimiento bariátrico poco utlizado en la actualidad es la derivación biliopancreátca por su múltples complicacionestardías.La colelitasis es un problema comúnmente documentado luego de cirugía bariátrica en tasas de 30 a 52%, cuya resolución quirúrgica es importantepara evitar complicaciones mayores.

Bariatric surgery denotes complexity and is not free of complicatons. These are multfactorial and depend on intrinsic patent factors or technical skillsand experience of the surgeon. In general any complicatons can be classifed as early (<30 days) or late (> 30 days) as the tme of onset afer surgery.Gastric banding is one of the most performed bariatric procedures but with a high rate of complicatons; late complicatons as slipping, migraton andreservoir problems have been documented. Gastric bypass contnues to have much reliability as to control obesity but has complicatons such as internalhernias, anastomotc strictures and ulcers and gastro gastric fstulas among others, whose diagnosis and early management is important.Sleeve gastrectomy gained ground in recent years for its good results but also for its low complicaton rate in the medium and long term. The lateproblems described are stenosis, gastric dilataton and some relaton to onset or exacerbaton of gastro esophageal refux. Another bariatric procedureused actually is the biliopancreatc diversion but for his multple late complicatons it is less performed.Cholelithiasis is a problem commonly documented afer bariatric surgery rates from 30 to 52%, the surgical resoluton is important to prevent furthercomplicatons.

Reganho de peso após o segundo ano do Bypass gástrico em Y de Roux / Regained weight after the second year of the gastric Bypass and Y ofRoux

Introdução: a obesidade é uma doença grave e inúmeros são os tratamentosrealizados para a perda e manutenção de peso. Tendo emvista a magnitude dessa doença, a cirurgia bariátrica é consideradaa ferramentamais eficaz no controle e no tratamento da obesidadesevera.Estudos mostram que a cura da obesidade não se resumeapenas ao ato cirúrgico, pelo contrário, é o início de um período deum a dois anos de mudanças que devem estar associadas às terapiasauxiliares como a reeducação alimentar, atividade física programadae mudança nos hábitos de vida.Objetivo: analisar na literatura os fatores interferentes no reganhode peso dos pacientes que se submeteram ao Bypass gástrico em Yde Roux após dois anos de cirurgia.Metodologia: trata-se de uma revisão da literatura de artigos científicosoriginais e de revisão, publicados em revistas indexadas nasbases de dados Lilacs, Medline (National Library of Medicine), Scieloe Pubmed, nos idiomas inglês e português, com ênfase nos últimosdez anos.Resultados: o bypass gástrico em Y de Roux é considerado uma cirurgiametabólica, pois além do efeito restritivo e disabsortivo ocorremtambém alterações neurais e hormonais, como a diminuiçãoda grelina e aumento do peptídeo-YY (PYY) e peptídeo glucagon--símile 1 (GLP-1) que contribuem para a diminuição do apetite conferindomaior eficiência a esse tipo de procedimento. A recuperaçãodo peso pode ocorrer devido a processos de adaptações fisiológicasno trato gastrointestinal. Os possíveis mecanismos envolvidos noreganho de peso são: aumento do consumo energético...

Introduction: the obesity is a serious disease and there are manytreatments that offer loss weight as well as its maintenance. Owingto magnitude of this disease, the bariatric surgery is considered themost appropriate and effective treatment in the control of severeobesity. However, research show that cure obesity is not only a surgicalprocedure, but the beginning of a period between one and twoyears of changes, which must be associated with ancillary therapiessuch as nutritional education; starting a physical activity programand changes in daily habits.Objective: bibliographic analysis about the factors interfering inthe regain weight of patients that underwent to the gastric Bypassand Y of Roux, two years after surgery.Methodology: this paper brings a bibliographic review from readingof original scientific papers published in magazines indexedin databases - Lilacs, Medline (National Library of Medicine), Scieloe Pubmed in English and Portuguese languages, with emphasis inthe last ten years.Results: the gastric bypass in Y of Roux is considered a metabolicsurgery because beyond the restrictive and disabsorptive effect,also occur hormonal and neural changes such as decreased ghrelinand increased peptide-YY (PYY) and peptide glucagon-símile1 (GLP-1) - that contribute to decreased appetite, and resulting ina more efficient process in this type of procedure...

Evaluación del embarazo luego de la cirugía bariátrica de la obesidad / Pregnancy outcome after bariatric surgery for obesity

Obesity, generally defined as body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 and above, is a universal growing epidemic. From a public health perspective, it represents an important modifiable risk factor for adverse health and pregnancy outcome. There is a significant association between obesity and diabetes mellitus, hypertensive disorders, ischemic heart disease and sleep apnea. During pregnancy, obesity is associated with fertility treatments, recurrent abortions, preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus and other complications such as labor dystocia, mal-presentations, fetal macrosomia, and higher rates of cesarean deliveries. Bariatric surgery is the only effective treatment for morbidly obese patients, and these operations are performed predominantly among women. Few studies have addressed pregnancy outcome after obesity surgery. Basically, pregnancy outcome is comparable to controls of normal BMI. This review aims to present updates on the relationship between obesity and pregnancy outcomes, and the outcome of patients following bariatric surgeries.

La obesidad, generalmente definida como el índice de masa corporal (IMC) igual o mayor de 30 kg/m2, es una epidemia mundial en progresión. Enfocada desde la perspectiva de la salud pública, representa un importante pero modificable factor adverso que condiciona los resultados de la salud y el embarazo. Existe una asociación significativa entre obesidad, por una parte, y diabetes, hipertensión, cardiopatía isquémica y apnea del sueño por la otra. Durante el embarazo, la obesidad se asocia con los tratamientos para fertilidad, abortos recurrentes, preeclampsia, hipertensión inducida por embarazo, diabetes gestacional y otras complicaciones tales como distocia del trabajo de parto, presentaciones distócicas, macrosomía fetal y altas tasas de cesárea. La cirugía bariátrica es el único tratamiento efectivo para pacientes con obesidad mórbida. Estas operaciones se hacen predominantemente entre mujeres jóvenes. Pocos estudios se dedicaron especialmente a la evolución del embarazo luego de la cirugía bariátrica. Básicamente, la evolución del embarazo es comparable a los controles con IMC normal. Esta revisión pretende actualizar la relación entre obesidad y evolución del embarazo, y los resultados obtenidos por las operaciones bariátricas

Update in the management of obesity.

Significant increase of obesity prevalence in almost all countries in the world recently has had obesity as a global health problem, and WHO in 1998 defined it as "the global epidemic". Simply, obesity is defined as an excessive fat accumulation in fat tissue due to imbalance of energy intake and expenditure. Body mass index is a simple method for defining the degree of overweight and obesity, however, waist circumference is the preferred measure of abdominal obesity because it has greater relationship with the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Body fatness reflects the interactions of development, environment and genetic factors. The role of genetic factors has already existed, nevertheless, environment factors are likely more important in developing obesity. Increased mortality among the obese is evident for several life-threatening diseases including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, gallbladder disease, and hormone-sensitive and gastrointestinal cancers. Risks are also higher for some non-fatal conditions such as back pain, arthritis, infertility and, in many westernized countries, poor psychosocial functioning. Obesity is not only threatening health, also impacts on high economic and social cost. Effective prevention of obesity should be focused to high risk individuals or groups. Individuals who have some existing weight-related problems and those with a high risk of developing obesity co-morbidity such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes should be a key priority in this prevention strategy. Although weight loss in obese persons of any age can improve obesity-related medical complications, physical function, and quality of life, the primary purpose for weigh-loss therapy may differ across age group. The current therapeutic tools available for weight management are: (1) lifestyle intervention involving diet, physical activity, and behavior modification; (2) pharmacotherapy; and (3) surgery. Moderate weight loss (5-10% of initial weight) by any programs is a realistic target in management of obesity associated with improvement of risk factors of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.

Transtorno alimentar e cirurgia bariátrica: relato de caso / Eating disorder and bariatric surgery: a case report

OBJETIVO: Os autores discutem, a partir de um relato de caso e de uma revisão da literatura, as implicações de uma operação bariátrica sobre o comportamento alimentar. MÉTODO: É apresentado o caso clínico de uma paciente submetida a uma operação bariátrica e que apresentou alterações comportamentais alimentares semelhantes às de uma anorexia nervosa, mas não apresentando peso abaixo do normal, o que levou a um diagnóstico de transtorno alimentar não especificado. Este caso é analisado em comparação com situações semelhantes na literatura. DISCUSSÃO: Os dados da literatura são discutidos de acordo com aqueles apresentados no caso relatado e procura-se, a partir daí, obter uma conduta prudente frente aos candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica e no seguimento pós-operatório, analisando os possíveis riscos envolvidos.